Surprising behavior in one of the least studied mammals in the world

The record holder for the deepest dive by a mammal is a Cuvier's beaked whale, which in 2014 was measured to dive at least 2992 meters. A beaked whale also holds the mammalian record for the longest dive; 222 minutes.

Now, the world gets a new and surprising insight into the world of distant beaked whales through a scientific study of a population of Baird's beaked whales. The population has unexpectedly been found near the coast and in shallower waters than previously observed.

The study is led by whale biologists Olga Filatova and Ivan Fedutin from the University of Southern Denmark/Fjord&Bælt, and it is published in the journal Animal Behaviour.

Filatova and Fedutin have many years of whale studies in the northern Pacific behind them, and it was during an expedition to the Commander Islands in 2008 that they first saw a group of Baird's beaked whales near the coast.

"We were there to look for killer whales and humpback whales, so we just noted that we had seen a group of Baird's beaked whales and didn't do much about it. But we also saw them in the following years, and after five years, we suspected that it was a stable community frequently visiting the same area. We saw them every year until 2020, when Covid 19 prevented us from going back to the Commander Islands," explains Olga Filatova, a whale expert and postdoc at Department of Biology and SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark.

The studied population of Baird's beaked whales came close to the coast -- within four km from land, and they were observed in shallow water; less than 300 meters.

"It is uncharacteristic for this species," says Olga Filatova, who also points out that the population likely has adapted to this particular habitat and thus deviates from the established perception that all beaked whales roam far out at sea and in deep waters.

"It means that you cannot expect all individuals within a specific species to behave the same way. This makes it difficult to plan species protection -- in this case, for example, you cannot plan based on the assumption that beaked whales only live far out in deep sea. We have shown that they can also live in shallow and coastal waters. There may be other different habitats that we are not aware of yet," says Olga Filatova.

There are many examples of individuals from the same whale species not behaving the same. In the whale world, it is common to find groups of the same species living in different places, eating different prey, communicating differently, and not liking to mingle with fellow species in other groups.

Some killer whale groups only hunt marine mammals like seals and porpoises, others only herring. Some humpback whales migrate between the tropics and the Arctic, others are residents in certain areas. Some sperm whale groups develop their own dialects for internal communication and do not like to communicate with others outside the group.

According to Olga Filatova, social learning is at play when groups develop preferences for, for example, habitats and prey.

There are many forms of social learning in the animal world. Imitation is the most complex form; the animal sees what others do and understands the motivation and reasoning behind it. Then there is "local enhancement," where an animal sees another animal heading to a specific place, follows, and learns that the place has value. This has been observed in many animals, including fish.

Olga Filatova believes that the population of Baird's beaked whales at the Commander Islands learns through "local enhancement": They see that some peers go to the shallow water near the coast, follow, and discover that it is a good place, probably because there are many fish.

"It becomes a cultural tradition, and it is the first time a cultural tradition has been observed among beaked whales," she says.

Other examples of cultural traditions in whales include when they develop specific hunting traditions: some slap their tails to stun fish, some generate waves to wash seals off ice floes, some chase fish onto the beach.

The researchers observed a total of 186 individuals of the Baird's beaked whale species at the Commander Islands from 2008-2019. 107 were only observed once and thus assessed to be transient whales. 79 individuals were spotted for more than one year and were thus assessed to be residents.

61 of the transient whales were seen interacting with the residents, and seven of them were seen in shallow water.

"The transients are not as familiar with local conditions as the residents, and therefore, they usually seek food at the depths that are normal for their species. But we actually observed some transients in the shallow area. These were individuals who had some form of social contact with the residents. It must be in that contact that they learned about the shallow water and its advantages," says Olga Filatova.

It is unclear how many Baird's beaked whales exist in the world.

The study was supported by Rufford Small Grants, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Animal Welfare Institut and Russian Fund for Fundamental Research. Olga Filatova's research is also supported by Human Frontier Science Program.

Beaked whales We know 24 species of beaked whales, which belong to the toothed whales. Some are known only from strandings and skull finds, and photos of them are generally rare. Baird's beaked whale is the largest of the beaked whales, reaching a length of up to 10 meters. The female is slightly larger than the male. Both females and males have a characteristic underbite with two pairs of teeth in the lower jaw.